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We are proud to annouce a new relationship. We are going to be using Training Smart Online, a leading online provider of Triathlon Coaching and Triathlon Training Programs They will provide free triathlon articles, professional coaching and training programs completely customized to your goals and situation. Here the a great piece on carbohydrate loading that they forwarded over to us.

Written by the Department of Sports Nutrition, AIS www.ais.org.au/nutrition © Australian Sports Commission 2004
Carbohydrate Loading
'Carbohydrate loading' is probably one of the most misunderstood terms in sports
nutrition. People commonly think anyone involved in sport needs to 'carb up' and the
way to do this is to eat 'flat out' in the days leading up to an event. Read on to get the
facts on carbohydrate loading.
What is carbohydrate loading?
Carbohydrate loading is a strategy involving changes to training and nutrition that can
maximise muscle glycogen (carbohydrate) stores prior to endurance competition. The
technique was originally developed in the late 1960's and typically involved a 3-4 day
'depletion phase' and a 3-4 day 'loading phase'. Ongoing research has allowed the
method to be refined so that modern day carbohydrate loading is now more
manageable for athletes.
Does carbohydrate loading improve performance?
Muscle glycogen levels are normally in the range of 100-120 mmol/kg ww (wet weight).
Carbohydrate loading enables muscle glycogen levels to be increased to around 150-
200 mmol/kg ww. This extra supply of carbohydrate has been demonstrated to improve
endurance exercise by allowing athletes to exercise at their optimal pace for a longer
time. It is estimated that carbohydrate loading can improve performance over a set
distance by 2-3%.
Who should carbohydrate load?
Anyone exercising continuously for 90 minutes or longer is likely to benefit from
carbohydrate loading. Typically, sports such as cycling, marathon running, longer
distance triathlon, cross-country skiing and endurance swimming benefit from
carbohydrate loading. Shorter-term exercise is unlikely to benefit as the body's usual
carbohydrate stores are adequate. Carbohydrate loading is generally not practical to
achieve in team sports where games are played every 3-4 days. Although it might be
argued that players in soccer and AFL have heavy demands on their muscle fuel stores,
it may not be possible to achieve a full carbohydrate protocol within the weekly
schedule of training and games.
How was carbohydrate loading originally achieved?
Originally, carbohydrate loading involved a depletion phase. This required 3-4 hard
training days plus a low carbohydrate diet. The depletion phase was thought to be
necessary to stimulate the enzyme glycogen synthase. The depletion phase was
followed by a loading phase that involved 3-4 days of rest combined with a high
carbohydrate diet. The extra carbohydrate combined with the now-activated glycogen
synthase was shown to boost carbohydrate stores beyond their usual resting levels.
How do modern-day athletes carbohydrate load?
Today's endurance athletes use a modified carbohydrate loading method. Ongoing
research has demonstrated that the depletion phase is no longer necessary. This is a
bonus for athletes as the depletion phase was very difficult. Australian marathon
runner, Steve Moneghetti has described the depletion phase as making him feel like
"death warmed up". Today, 1-4 days of exercise taper while following a high
carbohydrate diet (7-12g/kg body weight) is sufficient to elevate muscle glycogen levels.
Written by the Department of Sports Nutrition, AIS www.ais.org.au/nutrition © Australian Sports Commission 2004
What does a high carbohydrate diet look like?
The following diet is suitable for a 70kg athlete aiming to carbohydrate load:
Breakfast
3 cups of low-fibre breakfast cereal with 11/2 cups of reduced fat milk
1 medium banana
250ml orange juice
Snack toasted muffin with honey
500ml sports drink
Lunch 2 sandwiches (4 slices of bread) with filling as desired
200g tub of low-fat fruit yoghurt
375ml can of soft drink
Snack banana smoothie made with low-fat milk, banana and honey
cereal bar
Dinner 1 cup of pasta sauce with 2 cups of cooked pasta
3 slices of garlic bread
2 glasses of cordial
Late Snack toasted muffin and jam
500ml sports drink
This sample plan provides ~ 14,200 kJ, 590 g carbohydrate, 125 g protein and 60 g fat.
Are there any special considerations for females?
Most studies of glycogen storage have been conducted on male athletes. However,
some studies suggest that females may be less responsive to carbohydrate loading,
especially during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Further research needs to
be conducted specifically on females.
What are the common mistakes made when carbohydrate
loading?
Research indicates that many athletes who attempt to carbohydrate load, fail to achieve
their goal. Common mistakes include:
• Carbohydrate loading requires an exercise taper. Athletes can find it difficult to
back off training for 1-4 days before competition. Failing to rest will compromise
carbohydrate loading.
• Many athletes fail to eat enough carbohydrate. It seems athletes don't have a
good understanding of the amount of food required to carbohydrate load.
Working with a sports dietitian or using a carbohydrate counter can be useful.
• In order to consume the necessary amount of carbohydrate, it is necessary to
cut back on fibre and make use of compact sources of carbohydrate such as
sugar, cordial, soft drink, sports drink, jam, honey, jelly and tinned fruit. Athletes
who include too many high fibre foods in their carbohydrate loading menu may
suffer stomach upset or find the food too bulky to consume.
• Carbohydrate loading will most likely cause body mass to increase by
approximately 2kg. This extra weight is due to extra muscle glycogen and
water. For some athletes, a fear of weight gain may prevent them from
carbohydrate loading adequately.
• Athletes commonly use carbohydrate loading as an excuse to eat everything
and anything in sight. Consuming too many high fat foods will make it difficult to
consume sufficient carbohydrate. It may also result in gain of body fat. It is
important to stick to high-carbohydrate, low-fat foods while carbohydrate
loading.

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